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Pictures of the boiler showing the near boiler piping close and ten feet away at different angles should help.

The banging is most likely sags/low points in pipe allowing for steam and condensate to come in contact with one another. The radiator valves could also be a problem.

The valves could be damaged. Loose or missing discs could obstruct the flow of steam causing this noise.

the Hartford loop is done incorrectly, should have a close or shoulder nipple and come straight down then tie into the return, not across and behind the boiler.

There could be other reasons for your issues as well but I would definitely re do the loop correctly

just noticed the water on your site glass is also extremely dirty for a new install. Should definitely be flushed out and chemically treated with SurgeX or a similiar product

Could definitely be the cause of your issues with the extreme surging

Flush it. Give it a good thorough skim.

Yep. Flip the tee so the valve handle points out. Then if you unscrew the valve, you have a straight shot into the boiler.

Not necessarily a bad thing. It could just be the way the pilot light sounds. However, there could be a leak somewhere on the gas valve and or tubing feeding the burner/pilot light.

Spray this on the valve and tubing etc. to check for leaks.

Things to talk to the installer about:

need a new vent here

need a vent installed here, probably Gorton 1's in both places'

as @tcassano87 says, this copper connection should drop straight down to the wet return

your water quality is bad. Boiler needs to be flushed and skimmed some more.

id also flip this reducing tee so the drain cock aims into the boiler- makes flushing the mud leg easier.

lastly, they should check pitch on your lines to make sure there're no sags or pockets.